Business Environment Fonterra Co-Operative- Samples for Students

Question: Examine about the Management System of the Enterprise and applies Fayal's standards to the administration style of this Company. Answer: Presentation Fonterra Co-usable Group Limited is one of the main dairy cooperatives on the planet with its underlying foundations in New Zealand. The organization was built up in the year 2001 through the consolidating two New Zealand's dairy segment players; Kiwi Cooperative Dairies and the New Zealand Dairy Group. As of now, the organization takes a portion of about 30% of the all out universes dairy sends out and is presently the greatest organization in New Zealand. Accordingly, its reality in the nation has emphatically affected on the economy of New Zealand utilizing a large number of the individuals to work in the organization (Home, n.d.). Fonterra works in a worldwide setting and has numerous auxiliaries on the planet. The essential business of Fonterra is to gather, assembling and sell milk and milk-items in the market. It likewise handles quick moving shopper merchandise (shortened as FMCG), along with the food administration business where it has utilized numerous experts for eateries and bread kitchens. In this manner, the organization sells its items legitimately to the purchasers and furthermore gives some out-of - home food administration in different pieces of the world. Furthermore, the association has additionally cooperated with numerous food organizations where it supplies them with dairy items. The organization has set up five sections through which it works. Each portion has its different exercises of activity that cooperate to frame the total association. The initial segment of Fonterra is the Global Ingredients and Operations (GIO), which bargains in handling and creation of milk and milk items along with promoting these items. The subsequent fragment is the Oceania, which has practical experience in the shopper products in New Zealand (Home, n.d.). The third area is the Greater China which works in China managing FMCG, food administration and cultivating organizations generally in the locale of the more prominent China. Additionally, there is a section called Oceania, taking care of the organization's business in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. In conclusion, there a segment called Latin America serving the Caribbean and South America. It handles the FMCG and it fixings organizations. The executives of Fonterra Fayols the executives standards of division of work, centralization and compensation can be applied to the activity of Fonterra Co-employable Group Limited for adequacy. The exhibition of Fonterra is enormously ascribed to the administration choices (Brunsson, 2008). Right off the bat, guideline of division of work is significant; where the outstanding burden is partitioned among representatives or different gatherings of workers to guarantee they are the attention and focus on one errand. In as much as Fonterra has demonstrated endeavors of grasping division of work, there is have to accomplish progressively about it. The organization can separate its activity errand and afterward order its different sections to bargain in these segments of work. This prone to assist representatives with expanding specialization which thus improve their profitability (Cran, 2016). Additionally, the level of centralization is another guideline of the executives that Fayol recommended that it should be thought of. Contingent upon the size of the organization, there ought to be endeavors to adjust the executives and dynamic (Van, 2009).Organizations ought to endeavor to keep up this equalization for adequacy. Fonterra has centralization in its structure and a great deal of dynamic power lies on the senior administration staff in the organization. The association should put forth attempts to guarantee that the equalization in dynamic is accomplished (Angelo Ricky, 2009). Plus, Fayol talked about compensation is one of the key parts of effective administration. Representatives need adequate remuneration both budgetary and non-money related. Compensation adds as per the general inclination of the workers in this manner expanding their inspiration (McLean, 2011). The organization ought to think about different factors in deciding the compensation of the laborers. These components incorporate the typical cost for basic items, the general business conditions and the business accomplishment among numerous different perspectives. Adequate compensation bundle will rouse the representatives, decrease their budgetary pressure and in this manner increment their efficiency in the association subsequently it ought to never be under taken a gander anytime (AlmashaqbaNemer, 2010). Fonterras Culture Each organization has its own way of life, which characterizes the manner in which an association does things.The corporate culture involves different territories, for example, the companys desires, its encounters, the way of thinking and the qualities that direct the associations working and its general activity. It depends on a common conviction of the group that is relied upon to assist it with performing better. The business chiefs are normally answerable for planning the way of life and conveying at the working environment (Tsai, 2011). As to Fonterra's way of life, the association established on a strategic progressing in the direction of being the pioneer in the arrangement of dairy items everywhere throughout the world, and situating its items and administrations over every single comparative item on the globe (The Tipster, 2013).The association is driven by a dream proclamation of sharing the characteristic wellspring of proteins to the world by contacting the each individual, all over and consistently. The organization works on qualities to empower them to consolidate individual qualities with those of others to Fonterra more grounded, better increasingly imaginative (Costanza et al., 2015).Therefore, the vision, strategic worth articulations have assumed a significant job in imparting the way of life of the organization. Additionally, Fonterra runs on an agreeable way of thinking which has been consolidated into the hierarchical culture. A portion of these methods of reasoning incorporate the limitation that partakes in Fonterra Group must be held the providing investors who consent to a double duty to gracefully drain and contribute their cash-flow to the business (Kleinbaum, 2013).The providing parties should likewise possess shares in the co-employable and furthermore shares the monetary advantages relatively as per the offers they hold in the co-usable. The administration control of Fonterra is constrained by the providing investors who choose through democratic. Fonterra keeps up the way of life of shared advantage and supportability and the straightforwardness in the exchanges of the organization. This culture oversees Fonterra and has the intensity of control in transit things are done at Fonterra (Boddy, 2011). Fonterras Business Environment Fonterra works in a business setting simply like some other business. The activity, choice and moves of the organization are impacted by the professional workplace in which the business works. It is imperative to build up both the large scale and miniaturized scale condition in which the business works. The large scale business condition of Fonterra can be broke down utilizing PESTLE investigation which covers every single relevant factor that influence the organization. PESTLE is a shortened form for Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental elements (Steven Britt, 2008). Strategically, the choices and activities of Fonterra are impacted by the legislative issues of the nations in which it completes business. At times, the organization encounters limitations of trademarks, naming activities, bio-decent variety and quantity's contentions. Concerning factors, Fonterra encounters impact in its activities because of these components. They as a rule originate from the financial condition of the world, varieties in outside money and furthermore the changing requests for dairy items (Michael, 2008).These monetary factors chiefly cause general financial impacts on the planet. Socially, there is a quick increment in the dairy needs on the planet purchaser markets. Along these lines, Fonterra is right now getting a charge out of the social impacts of the development in nourishment requests (Charles, 2012). Fonterras condition is likewise influenced by the innovative components. New advances that influence the activity of the organization are going to the market, and Fonterra needs to embrace them. A portion of these advancements incorporate the innovation for cooling, warming and furthermore transportation. Ecological factors additionally influence the activity of the organization. The climatic states of New Zealand fluctuate a ton like expanded nursery impact, and this influences the exhibition of his dairy organization. Also, the current lawful frameworks influence the activity of Fonterra in the market. A few approaches and guidelines impact the activity of the business such authorizations or limitations to direct certain organizations (Hamlin, 2015). Likewise, there are different legitimate structures that exist in regards to the lawful privileges of the workers, the ranchers and others living in the framework. Aside from the full scale ecological elements, Fonterra is additionally influenced by the small scale natural variables. These are factors that exist inside the association, for example, their initiative and other in house parts of Fonterra. The organization has encountered a fall in the portion of the milk items in New Zealand advertise because of tight rivalry in the business, and this has influenced the activity of this association. Likewise, the interest for milk items isn't effectively anticipated and along these lines influences Fonterra's business. These interior elements among others have impacted the exhibition of the association (Philip Gary, 2014). End As a rundown, dealing with a business association involves numerous angles for thought. The accomplishment of a given business endeavor is incredibly ascribed to its administration. Fonterra, much the same as different business associations on the planet, has committed itself to convey the milk, milk items, and food administration to individuals everywhere throughout the world. The organization has a built up the board structure set up which manages its activity. Different Fayal's hypotheses can be applied to the procedure of Fonterra. The association has received a robotic administration structure and therefore,it utilizes the majority of the Fayals standards. A portion of these hypothetical standards incorporate centralization where

Risk Management in Healthcare: Case Study

Hazard Management in Healthcare: Case Study Harry C. Abellana Jr. Presentation I am a human services aide going working at North Shore Hospital. It is one of the medical clinics under the Waitemata District Health Board. It caters inpatient and outpatient care. It is additionally prepared to perform medical procedures and crisis care. Contemplating hazard the executives is a significant key in being a chief. This would outfit you with the crucial abilities and outlook to be delicate to recognize the various dangers in the work place. You will have the option to act rapidly and discover an answer if at any time an issue is confronted. The entirety of your customers or patients are your obligation. Their consideration is in your grasp. Motivation behind Risk Management Working at North Shore Hospital is a very enlightening encounter. The clinic takes into account everybody and goes to a disease. With the huge patients that they are joining in, hazard is constantly present. A mishap or wrong practice consistently prowls the corner. I can see that the motivation behind hazard the board is to forestall and control the various dangers being looked on an everyday premise. Without hazard the executives, there will be mayhem in the association and this will block the staff to accomplish their work. Appropriate hazard the executives is actualized with the goal that the association itself can carry out their responsibilities proficiently and viably. Advantages of Risk Management There are various things that North Shore Hospital is profiting by their powerful hazard the executives. First is a decent notoriety. They have a decent notoriety of being extraordinary compared to other open emergency clinics under the Waitemata District Health Board. This was accomplished through appropriate arranging and execution of their hazard the executives conventions. Another advantage is augmenting the time and abilities of the staff. At whatever point there is a hazard experienced, the staffs definitely know the means on the best way to deal with and take care of the issue. Another is saving and setting aside cash. On the off chance that the hazard is taken care of or besides kept from occurring, this would decrease the vacation and assets to be utilized to control the issue. That is the reason chance administration is really gainful at North Shore Hospital. The Different Components of Risk Management Exercises and Internal Environment The working society at North Shore Hospital is a positive one. Every unit shows cooperation to take care of business. The entirety of the medicinal services staff works connected at the hip to give the best quality human services. The chiefs ensure that a sheltered and solid workplace is kept up. Any misconception ought to be sifted through right away. It is the obligation of the chiefs to deal with their representatives. Then again, the representatives are answerable for their patients. The medical caretakers and social insurance colleagues are the main line of the association to deal with the customers. They utilize both present day innovation and trusty manually written archives to store patient’s data. PCs are primarily used to direct the medicinal services suppliers seeing the drug plan and as a specialized instrument. This will reduce the event of drug blunders. They utilize the customary patient’s diagram to write down target perceptions like circulatory strain, temperature, respiratory and pulse. The association has plotted down their strategies that would cover all hazard prospects that they may experience. There are strategies from the least difficult thing like hand cleaning procedures up to the convoluted things like drug mistake. They likewise give significance with respect to the privacy of the patients. They generally advise us that each time you perform essential consideration to the patients, you should ensure that all the window ornaments are shut and not to uncover the customers. New Zealand is an expanded nation. With the consistent inundation of vagrants, there are a great deal of culture, religion and convictions. The social insurance plan should be delicate to the rights and convictions of the patient. The choice of the family is likewise regarded when drafting the consideration plan for the patient. Goals The essential goal of the Waitemata District Health Board, in which North Shore Hospital is under this wellbeing board, is to give the best social insurance while regarding patient’s rights. They are resolved to turn into a world-class social insurance office. The association is focusing on a zero fall episode over all offices in all movements. They are additionally a supporter to advance a sans smoke condition which ought to be accomplished continuously 2024. They give wellbeing lessons to patients who smoke and give assistance and choices on the best way to stop smoking. Appropriate cleanliness, forestalling cross pollution, restricting salt admission and perceiving the signs and side effects of stroke are different targets that the emergency clinic is attempting to spread to their patients. Their principle objective is to advance a solid way of life. Occasion Identification One of the hazard recognizable proof that the medical clinic is doing is rehearsing crisis clearing on the off chance that a significant cataclysmic occasion occurs. They do this declared or unannounced. This is helpful to remind the gathering on what to do in time of disasters to be viable and effective in emptying the office and spare lives. Another recent development that they are intently checking and attempting to forestall is the spread of the Ebola infection. It has become an overall danger. They are explicitly careful for those people with or without indications of feeling wiped out to advise the association on the off chance that they headed out to Africa or to any known nation which has a constructive instance of the Ebola infection. On the off chance that an individual is suspected to have gotten this infection, they are to secluded for close checking and to be given the best possible treatment. Hazard Assessment Reference North Shore Hospital has an exceptionally straightforward yet viable approach to rapidly educate the human services supplier about the instance of the patient. Posted on the divider on top or along the edge of the patient is a reference diagram. The outline comprise data like name, age, language spoken, diet and attendant on charge for that move. The one of a kind thing about the outline is about the likelihood of the patient having a fall. It is estimated by ticking the container if the patient is at high, medium or no danger of falling. There is likewise an image of various strolling assistive gadgets in which the correct apparatus to utilize is encompassed. The image helps a great deal since it gives a reasonable picture not just by the name of the gadget. The diagram likewise demonstrates if the patient is free, needs management or what number of people ought to suit the patient if at any point the individual in question needs help. This reference graph basically gives you the do ’s and don’ts with respect to the consideration of the patient. Reaction Plan Each move consistently begins with a hand once again. This is essential on the grounds that in this event, all the data about the patient is being given. Every patient is one of a kind as far as giving consideration. The human services group likewise do rounds to keep an eye on the patients. There are times in which a patient needs close observing. The medical attendant can't do this by itself. They call the assistance of the agency. This might be interior or outer. This methodology will diminish the danger of the patient to acquire any occurrence. They dole out a staff to do a one-on-one observing of the patient. This might be an extra expense to the association yet the beneficial outcome consistently exceeds the fiscal effect. This is additionally a route as a fast reaction to surprising deficiency of staff. The medical caretaker directors on the job can generally rely on the agencies to furnish them with the labor required for that move. The distribution of patients to the medical caretakers working is additionally arranged out. There are at least 2 medical attendants alloted in a solitary room. All the serious cases and patients who has complex consideration plan are conveyed to the attendants. The amigo framework functions admirably in the medicinal services framework in light of the fact that there will be someone to help or help you on the off chance that an issue happens. Each room for the most part comprises of four patients. A solitary room can't be involved by every single ward persistent. Every so often there are two free patients and two who needs close checking or management. Control Activities North Shore Hospital is outfitted with all the advanced hazard overseeing gadgets like fire dousers, medical aid units and the preferences. The expiry dates are checked consistently to keep up the effectivity of the gadgets. They additionally give call ringers to every patient. This will give the patient simple access to the social insurance suppliers. The toilets are furnished with this component. Everywhere throughout the floor there is a crisis chime. This would help ready all the medicinal services staff that a significant episode happened. In the event that the patient isn't equipped for squeezing the call ringer, they are joined to a checking alert. On the off chance that the patient gets up from bed, the caution is activated to alarm the staff on the job that the patient needs assistance. Not exclusively are the instruments or the hardware being utilized are examined. The plans and conventions are likewise being refreshed every now and then. These plans are balanced by the ble mishes, if at any time there are any, or new thoughts and recommendations coming in that may be useful to the ongoing conventions; the entirety of the plans and materials being utilized to control or forestall dangers are persistently changing or refreshing to be increasingly compelling it its objectives. Data and Communication The medical clinic has great correspondence mediums to educate the staff and the overall population about the wellbeing destinations. They use messages and online correspondences lines so as to entomb act with every division. A paging framework is utilized to report any data that can be heard all through the office. They likewise print out and post banners everywhere throughout the office. They are the suitable size and clear. It contains the fundamental data that they need the individuals to know. It additionally contains get back to data with the goal that the open will get the opportunity to call them for questions and explanation. There are additionally handouts and hand outs accessible. This is valuable and hand

Taylor, Zachary

Taylor, Zachary Taylor, Zachary zak ´?re [key], 1784â€"1850, 12th President of the United States (1849â€"50), b. Orange co., Va. He was raised in Kentucky. Taylor joined the army in 1808, became a captain in 1810, and was promoted to major for his defense of Fort Harrison (1812) in the War of 1812. He became a colonel (1832) and served in the Black Hawk War and in the campaigns against the Seminole in Florida, winning the nickname of Old Rough and Ready. Sent to the Southwest to command the army at the Texas border, Taylor began (1845) to prepare for hostilities with Mexico regarding the annexation of Texas, pushing into disputed territory S of the Nueces River. In the Mexican War he defeated the Mexicans at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma , drove them across the Rio Grande, and took Matamoros. Later he forced the surrender of the Mexican stronghold at Monterrey. In 1847 he won the decisive battle of Buena Vista in the face of great odds. A popular hero, Taylor was nominated for President on the Whig ticket, was elected, and assumed office in 1849. His nonpartisan tendencies were changed under the influence of Senator William H. Seward, and Taylor was soon a strong supporter of Whig policy. As President, he supported the Wilmot Proviso , which excluded slavery from all the territory acquired as a result of the Mexican War. He favored rapid admission of both California and New Mexico to the Union and strict limitation of Texas boundary claims. His free-soil views put him in opposition to the measures that were to become the Compromise of 1850 . After charges of corruption were lodged against members of his cabinet, he promised a reorganization, but was stricken with cholera morbus and died on July 9, 1850. He was succeeded by Millard Fillmore . See biographies by H. Hamilton (2 vol., 1941â€"51; repr. 2012), B. Dyer (1946, repr. 1967), S. B. McKinley and S. Bent (1946), and K. J. Bauer (1993); E. J. Nichols, Zach Taylor's Little Army (1963). The Columbia El ectronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Physical Inactivity Has Enormous Negative Health Effects

It’s widely known that physical inactivity has enormous negative health effects. â€Å"Poor cardio- respiratory fitness, adiposity, impaired glucose toler- ance, hypertension, and arteriosclerosis are independent threats to health and that physical inactivity increases the risk for premature death† (Lars). The negative health effects of physical inactivity are numerous. Examples are high blood pressure, increased risk of diabetes, increased stress and depression, and shorter life expectancy. It is clear that not being physically active takes a large toll on the human body. There are many different ways that an individual can turn their life around. Anything from going for a walk or going from a 5 mile run will make a lasting effect. Some†¦show more content†¦AHS results in enlargement of all 4 cardiac chambers and lowered resting heart rate that has no known pathogenic effect. People such as Gerche in Can Intensive Exercise Harm the Heart? have argued that sev ere ventricular dilation puts athletes at risk of arrhythmias and sudden death. Even though there is a large amount of risks with high intensity exercise, there is also an enormous amount of health benefits. â€Å"Exercise improves blood pressure control, lipid profiles, and insulin sensitivity and so it is not surprising that exercise has been associated with a reduced incidence of myocardial infarction (Gerche).† This experiment will test the effects of high intensity training on the cardiovascular system. The size of all of the subject’s cardiac chambers will be tracked along with their blood pressure and readings from their electrocardiograms (EKG). The goal is to see if too much high intensity training has negative effects that outweigh the positive effects. This experiment will be used to lower the long term chances of injuries and deaths in athletes if negative effects are found in high intensity training. Hypothesis My hypothesis is that athletes who preform rigorous exercises on a regular basis, such as endurance running, rowing, HIT training, will have a slight increased chance of arrhythmias or any other abnormal heart condition. Materials/methods I will have 150 20-year-old men in this experiment that haveShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Physical Inactivity On Human Body1009 Words   |  5 Pages Background Its widely known that physical inactivity has enormous negative health effects. â€Å"Poor cardio- respiratory fitness, adiposity, impaired glucose toler- ance, hypertension, and arteriosclerosis are independent threats to health and that physical inactivity increases the risk for premature death† (Lars). The negative health effects of physical inactivity are numerous. 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EDU10003 The World Of Maths Assessment 2 ESSAY SM

EDU10003 The World of Maths Assessment Two It is crucial to develop in children the ability to tackle problems with initiative and confidence†¦mathematics has changed from careful rehearsal of standard procedures to a focus on mathematical thinking and communication to prepare them for the world of tomorrow (Anghileri, 2006, p.2). Mathematical understanding influences all areas of life from social to private and civil. Therefore maths education is widely believed to be the single most important aspect to establishing opportunities for young people; unfortunately, many struggle with mathematics and become indifferent as they continue to encounter obstacles with regard to engagement (Anthony Walshaw, 2009). Knowing a†¦show more content†¦According to Anthony Walshaw, (2009) within a constructivist view, it is a teacher’s role to facilitate the learning of a child by providing a resource rich environment from which they guide a students learning. A student within a constructivist-learning environment must become engaged in the learning process by becoming a researcher, identifying a problem, collecting and analysing data and formulating a conclusion. This process of engagement provides a student with endless opportunity to develop his or her own understanding and knowledge. An educators abili ty to understand this learning theory as a process of construction and development provides a conceptual framework from which to build a teaching practice. In comparison, the behaviourist theory assumes a learner is a ‘clean slate’, essentially a passive learner responding to external stimuli. This assumption is flawed in the sense that a child is not simply a ‘clean slate’. In fact, a child is introduced to, and engages in mathematical thinking at a very early age. In recent years, the field of early childhood education and care has embraced sociocultural theory (Australian Government Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, 2007), providing children with opportunities through play and day to day activities, to begin their interactions with maths concepts, for example, a child begins learning about concepts such as recognising and creating shapes,

History Notes on Cuban Missile Crisis and Protest in America in the 1960’s Free Essays

string(82) " result of this the minister Martin Luther King emerged as the leader of the CRM\." History Matric Notes. The Cuban Missile Crisis. This was the most serious crisis between the USA and USSR in the history of the Cold War. We will write a custom essay sample on History Notes on Cuban Missile Crisis and Protest in America in the 1960’s or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cuba was a communist country only 90 miles off the coast of USA. In October 1962 US spy planes identified nuclear missile sites being built in Cuba. Background: Cuba traditionally had a passive relationship with the USA. Batista who was president/dictator at the time was viewed as safeguard against communism by the USA, but when revolutionary Fidel Castro overthrew him in 1959 they became suspicious. Castro introduced socialist reforms and started trade negotiations with the Soviet Union. At the height of the Cold War, the existence of a communist country so close to the United States was viewed with great alarm. They secretly started to plan to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro. ’ –gt; Bay of Pigs: In April 1961, with backing from the CIA, an armed force of Cuban exiles, with supplies from Kennedy, invaded Cuba. This was a huge failure as Castro’s forces easily defeated the invaders, killing them or taking them as prisoners. This affair was deeply embarrassing f or the US as their involvement in the incident had been publicly exposed, and also because it was so badly planned and executed. After this Castro officially declared he communist and turned increasingly towards the USSR for economic and diplomatic support. ’ –gt; What happened after this? To avoid another US-backed invasion of Cuba and to co-operate with Krushev (USSR president), Castro agreed to the construction of Soviet missiles in Cuba. The Americans watched this happen with great alarm and when the U2 spy plane flew over Cuba in 1962 showing that nuclear missiles were being built shit went down. What Kennedy Did. * Broadcast the American people, informing them of the potential threat and what he intended to do about it. The Americans blocked Cuba and stopped any ship suspected of carrying any arms. * The Soviets and Castro complained to the UN, saying the US was threatening world peace. * Kennedy threatened to invade Cuba and remove the missiles by force. * The next 10 days were extremely tense as the world was only the brink of nuclear war. ‘It was Krushev who broke the standoff and agreed to remove the missiles as long as the US agreed never to invade Cuba again. The Cuban Missile Crisis then ended and Kennedy became an instant hero to the West for his apparent ‘tough’ approach’ The Outcome. ) Kennedy became a ‘hero’ and gained a great reputation in the USA for standing up to the Soviet Union. Khrushev also became known in Soviet circles for being the peacemaker as he was willing to make the first compromise. 2) The relationship between the USA and USSR improved and a permanent ‘hotline’ directly liked from the White house to the Kremlin was set up to avoid this ever happening again. A year later they both signed the Nuclear Test Ban which limited tests on nuclear weapons. 3) Cuba stayed Communist and highly armed. However the missiles were removed. Stuff to think about. –gt; Why did the Soviets place nuclear missiles in Cuba? * They genuinely wanted to defend Cuba. * Khrushev was concerned about the missile gap between the USSR and USA and seized any opportunity to get missiles in closer range of the USA. * Khrushev wanted to test how strong the Americans really were. (Back off or Face up) * Khrushev wanted to use the missiles as a bargaining centre. Agree to remove them in return for some American concessions. –gt; Did the ‘Bay of Pigs’ incident contribute to /spark the start of the Cuban Missile Crisis? Key Terms. Cold War – Started in 1945, after WW2, the Cold War was an ideological battle between capitalist democratic USA (West) and the communist authoritarian USSR (East). There were never any direct battles between each other’s soil; arms race, space race. Both these countries influenced other countries. Containment – This was the policy that was outlined the Truman Doctrine, in order to prevent the spread of communism throughout the world based on the Domino Theory (when one country fell to communism, others countries will follow) Statesmanship – Usually a political leader of a country who is espected for their actions or ‘doing the right thing’ for his county. Brinkmanship – The practice of pushing a dangerous situation or confrontation to the limit of safety especially to force a desired outcome. Civil Rights Movement The 1960’s was a decade of popular protest. The CRM in the US was a great e. g. of how effective popular mass protest s could be. As a result there was less discrimination against African Americans. Some activists felt that the CRM did not go far enough and the Black Power Movement then arose. At the same time women began to demand equal rights and their was a widespread opposition to the American war in Vietnam which led to protests by students for international peace. The Civil Rights Movement and Black Power Movement in the USA. In the 1960’s, African American made up 10% of the population. Many of them did not have the same political rights as white Americans as there was prejudice and discrimination against them. This lead to the emergence of the CRM which used non-violent tactics to demand quality and end segregation. Others however adopted the more violent and radical approaches of the BPM. The position of African Americans in the 1960’s Even though there was progress in the 1950’s African Americans were still subjected to segregation and discrimination, especially in the southern states. For example in 1954 the US Supreme court ruled that segregation in schools were illegal but most southern schools remained segregated. Although it was the policy of the US federal government to end segregation, it was not properly enforced. *However the was some success in the 50’s: Rosa Parks Montgomery Bus Boycott –gt; This boycott resulted in the Supreme Court outlawing the segregation of buses in ’56. As a result of this the minister Martin Luther King emerged as the leader of the CRM. You read "History Notes on Cuban Missile Crisis and Protest in America in the 1960’s" in category "Papers" How did the CRM gain momentum in the 1960’s? In 1960 black students at a North Carolina university staged a sit-in at a lunch counter who refused to serve black customers. Their example was followed by 70  000 other students who held similar protests in other segregated facilities. Soon thousands more black and white students joined in a massive campaign of non-violence protest to demand for desegregated facilities. At the Lincoln Memorial in 1963, 250  000 people from all religious ;amp; ethnic backgrounds came together to demand full racial equality. This crowd remained peaceful the entire time and listened to one of the most memorable speeches in history, the ‘I have a dream’ speech by MLK. A year later was known as ‘Freedom Summer’ where black and white civil campaigners from the more liberal states went to Mississippi to open ‘Freedom Schools’. These schools taught basic literacy, black history and stressed black pride. But there was a violent reaction to all of this; Freedom workers beaten and arrested. As a result of this the US Congress passed the Civil Rights Act ’64 barring segregation ;amp; discrimination in employment in all public facilities. What was the Black Power Movement? The CRM was focused on ending segregation in the south, however their was a lot of segregation in the north. Many black Americans living in the north rejected the non –violent approaches of the CRM and Southern Christian Leadership Conference and turned to Black Power instead. Malcolm X argued that violence was necessary to tackle white racism and self-defence against groups like the KKK. He was critical of King’s non-violent approach and said that he held black people back. Malcolm promoted black separation believing blacks needed to be self-reliant. As a result of the BPM black mayors were elected in 7 cities and programmes to improve housing facilities were put in place. *Black Panthers were a militant group within BPM who very willing to use violence. The Women’s Movement During the 1950’s women were expected to stay at home and raise families. There were a limited number of careers women could choose from and their skills were often undermined by sexist attitudes and sexual harassment. Women’s Movement in USA. * In the 60’s women’s attitude began to change. They were no longer willing to accept their inferior position in the work place. This new attitude was partially influenced by The Feminine Mystique – Betty Friedan ’63. Friedan argues that the American middle class home had become a comfortable ‘concentration camp’ for women. * Friedan and others set up the National Organisation for women (NOW) who aimed to raise the status of women and end discrimination. * Fe minists used petitions, strikes and legal action to force employers into given women equal rights in the work force. –gt; The Women’s Movement in the US influenced many other women in other countries to take action such as Britain, Italy, Mexico and France. The Disarmament, Peace and Student Movements. A major concern in the 60’s was that the Cold War would become ‘hot’ and that a nuclear war would break out. Protest movements then emerged to ban nuclear weapons as well as Peace Movements who were against the drafting of young USA students into the Vietnam War. Disarmament Movement. After the USA had dropped atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki during WW2 there was an extremely tense atmosphere as other countries started to develop nuclear weapons and the possibility of a nuclear war was becoming an actual possibility. Also the environmental damage caused by the nuclear tests was becoming a concern. In 1958 Britain formed the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). The CND held a four day march in London and each other year this march attracted more and more people. Branches of the CND spread all over Britain and by the 1960’s, anti-nuclear protests (‘Ban the Bomb’) all over the world were supported by hundreds of thousands of people. After the Cuban Missile Crisis US, USSR and Britain agreed to a ban on nuclear testing in the atmosphere, though not underground. After this DM got smaller as the threat of nuclear war was less immediate. When the US passed the nuclear non-proliferation Treaty in ’68 the Disarmament movement was considered a victory and ended. Peace Movement. Was against the Vietnam War and emerged in American Universities and then spread to other sections of American society. People had started to question why America was spending so much money they were unable to win and it reminded when Europe colonised Asia. The Vietnam War was the first televised war – people saw the devastation and suffering the war was causing Vietnam. The US introduced conscription to raise troops to fight in Vietnam. Some men refused to go (‘draft dodgers’) and many of them moved abroad. There were strikes and demonstration across all universities in America. The most serious protests occurred when President Nixon announced the US was extending the war to Cambodia in 1970. At Kent University in Ohio soldiers fired at student protestors killing four students. People were horrified, 400 universities closed and 2 million students went on strike. Student Movements. [Students questioned authority; parents, education system, government and values of society. The young people who grew up in the ‘60’s were known as the ‘baby boomers’ and by the mid 60’s most of them had begun enrolling in colleges and universities. Universities did not have the facilities to cope with so many students and many campuses became overcrowded. Many students were dissatisfied with the education system and how the u niversities were run. The CRM triggered student awareness of the problems in their society. Many of them joined the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). Some students protested by ‘dropping out’ of society and becoming hippies. They rejected conformity and the materialism of society. Don’t trust anyone over 30’ ‘Make Love, not War. ’ These protests were taking place all over the world and reached a peak in 1968. Key demands in these protests were greater participation by students in the decisions of the universities administration and a transformation of the curriculum. They also included wider political and social demands such as less violence by government and protests against the communist bloc in Eastern Europe. Key Terms Civil Society Protest – Forms of protest usually against laws or government policies thought to be unjust taken by ordinary citizens of a country. Civil Rights Movement –Protest movement started by MLK devoted to peaceful and non-violent protest of civil disobedience against discrimination and segregation of black people in the USA and to gain full constitutional rights for all black citizens. Passive resistance – A deliberate policy adopted to oppose policies or laws whereby opposition is conveyed in a deliberate non-violent fashion. SCLC – Southern Christian Leadership Conference founded in 1957 by MLK which co-ordinated the fight for civil rights in the South for the black people of the USA. CORE – The Congress for Racial Equality , founded in 1942 , campaigned for civil rights 50’s – 60’s and is partially associated with the ‘Freedom Riders’ , sit-ins and registering black voters in the South. Black Power – This became the slogan of the more militant black movements in ’66. It advocated black identity based on black culture and black values. It argued for racial separation; blacks should run their own society without white interference. Black Power rejected passive resistance and urged black people to fight back if attacked. Nation of Islam – Black Muslims; argued for the establishment of a separate black identity and rejected black/white integration. Disarmament – Movement advocating that countries reduce their weapons spend less on the military and the removal or deactivation of nuclear weapons. Feminism – Rejected age-old patterns of discrimination against women and advocated that women have the same rights and privileges as men. ESSAY. PARTY. Civil Rights Movement vs. Black Power Movement During the 1950’s and 1960’s oppression in the black community of the United States of America was at its ultimate high. This severe oppression led to activists in the black community to finally speak out and demand change. The two main political activists during this fight and struggle for black equality were Martin Luther King Jnr. and Malcolm X. Although essentially fighting for the same outcomes, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jnr. had very different ideals and strategies in their fight for civil rights. Martin Luther King who is known for his peaceful protesting during the Civil Rights Movement was born in a middle class, comfortable home. He graduated school at 15 were he then went on to college to graduate with a Bachelor Degree in Divinity. After his education he moved to Montgomery, Alabama where he became a Pastor. In 1955 King started the Civil Rights Movement to fight for the rights of oppressed Black Americans. The movement aimed to outlaw racial discrimination against African Americans and to grant them civil rights. King believed that through hard work, leadership and non -violent protest black Americans could achieve equality. In King’s address in March 1963 to the people of Washington he said ‘In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. ’ This shows us that King strongly believed in passive resistance and believed that black Americans must fight peacefully and without bitterness in order to gain equality. His ideals were shaped by his Christian faith and the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi, an ideological leader of India during the Indian independence movement. Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little – he changed his surname in rejection of slavery in America. Malcolm was born in a poor, deprived family with his seven brothers and sisters. Three of Malcolm’s brothers were killed by white men, as well as his uncle and father who were killed by the Ku Klux Klan. Malcolm spent most of his childhood in foster care after his mother was admitted into a mental institution after her husband and sons deaths. After being told ‘there was no such thing as a black lawyer’ Malcolm dropped out of school and became involved in stealing and drugs. He was eventually arrested and sent to prison. During his seven year incarceration he converted to Islam and joined the Nation of Islam. After he was released from prison he became the spokesperson for the Nation of Islam and became one of its most powerful speakers attracting thousands of African-Americans. Malcolm X unlike Martin Luther King believed in fighting violence with violence, he was against all white people and was even considered by critics as a racist. Malcolm X was no doubt an extremist; this can be shown from an extract of one his speeches to students in Mississippi in 1964: ‘Don’t try to be friends with somebody who is depriving you of your rights. They are not your friends. They are your enemies. Treat them like that. Fight and you’ll get your freedom. ’ Malcolm believed in the saying ‘separate but equal. ’ This is known as Black Nationalism which was what Malcolm X strived for. He believed that the black man should be able to control the politics and politicians in his community. It is clear that Malcolm X and Martin Luther king had very different ideas and strategies in their fight for Civil Rights. Malcolm was an extremist, whilst King was a passive leader. King believed in a joint fight with white supporters of the Civil Rights Movement, whilst Malcolm believed in complete independence from any white people in the fight for Civil Rights. The key difference between these two political activists is that unlike Martin Luther King, Malcolm X believed that rather then integrate with white society, black Americans should control every aspect of the black community. These extreme differences undoubtedly stem from the two political activists child-hoods and pasts. However, as different as these two were in terms of their styles of speaking and definition of equality, they both promoted black pride, power and unity and fought for the civil rights of all black Americans. Both Malcolm and King gave hope to their people during times of struggle and main aims were to instil power and dignity to Black American in order to overcome the great prejudices they faced and to bring equality and justice to the black community of America We can conclude that Martin Luther King Jnr. and Malcolm X were contrasting political activists fighting for the same causes. The oppression these two extremely different individuals faced in their lives led them to become the two main political activists in the same fight for black equality and civil rights in America in the 1960’s. They shall always be remembered and praised for their contribution to equality of black people all over the world. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission The TRC was a court-like  restorative justice  body assembled in  South Africa  after the end of  apartheid. Witnesses who were identified as victims of gross human rights violations were invited to give statements about their experiences; some were selected for public hearings. Perpetrators of violence could also give testimony and request  amnesty from both civil and criminal prosecution. -;gt; Why was the TRC put in place? After 1994 when South Africa became a democratic country, it was decided that a process of healing and reconciliation should be embarked upon. There were two viewpoints, one from the ANC, which called for hearings to be held that would reveal the truth about the past, while on the other hand the National Party wanted a general amnesty for all apartheid crimes. In light of this it was finally agreed that a Truth and Reconciliation Commission be established. They came to a compromise; reveal and acknowledge the past and promote reconciliation and amnesty. * Consisted of Desmond Tutu and Dr Alex Boraine as well as 17 truth commissioners. * Was broadcast on TV, radio and newspapers (media and public had access) – biggest different between TRC in SA and TRC in other countries before hand. –gt;The aims of the TRC were: †¢ To investigate the causes of human violations during apartheid †¢ To recommend some form of compensation for victims of apartheid †¢ To grant amnesty to those found guilty of human rights violations – TRC argued this ould bring out more of the truth. (Not everyone was granted amnesty). –gt; Purpose of the TRC: ‘Having looked the beast of the past in the eye, having asked and received forgiveness and having made amends, let us shut the door on the past – not in order to forget it, but in order not to allow it to imprison us. Let us move into the glorious future of a new kind of society where people count, not because of biological irrelevancies †¦ but because they are persons of infinite worth created in the image of God. – Desmond Tutu. [Finding the truth about the past to rectify and move on towards a better future] –gt;Three committees were set up to deal with the work of the TRC: †¢ Committee on Human Rights Violations †¢ Committee on Reparation and Rehabilitation was charged with restoring victims’ dignity and formulating proposals to assist with rehabilitation. (Monetary Compensation). †¢ Committee on Amnesty considered applications from individuals who applied for amnesty in accordance with the provisions of the Act. Had to be politically motivated, proportionate and tell the whole truth. ) – DID NOT NEED TO SAY SORRY. –gt; Truth and Reconciliation? The TRC was viewed as much less effective in bringing about reconciliation. So me said that the proceedings only helped to remind them of the horrors that had taken place in the past when they had been working to forget such things. Thus, the TRC’s effectiveness in terms of achieving those very things within its title is still debatable –gt; The TRC’s conclusion The TRC completed its report in 1998. It concluded that PW Botha’s government had moved from a policy of repression to one of killing of its opponents, as well as being responsible for torture, abduction and sabotage. The report also criticised De Klerk for the activities of the ‘third force’ which had tried to disrupt the negotiations. It also criticised the ANC for civilian causalities in MK operations, for the torture and executions that had happened in ANC camps in exile and the use of violence against its opponents. –gt; Was Tutu realistic in his expectations of the TRC? Yes: * He had faith as he believed in forgiveness and redemption. He acknowledged that the TRC which was a process which made a contribution to harmony and nation building but was only part of a process * He didn’t expect everyone to agree with him about the value of the TRC * The apartheid era forces could not all be punished, and a way must be found to integrate them willingly into ‘The New South Africa. â⠂¬â„¢ No: * No real incentive for security forces to come forward * Expecting to much of the black population who suffered so much during apartheid * Reparations were not substantial as you cannot put a price on a mans life Examples of important TRC cases: Amy Biehl was an American graduate of  Stanford University  and an  Anti-Apartheid activist  in  South Africa. She studied at UCT  as a scholar in the  Fulbright Program. When 26-year-old Biehl drove a friend home to the township of  Guguletu on August 25, 1993, a black mob pelted her car with stones and smashed its windows. Biehl was struck in the head with a brick, then dragged from her car and surrounded by a mob that stoned and stabbed her to death while she begged for her life. Four of Biehl’s murderers were convicted for her killing; however, in 1998, all were pardoned by the TRC. Biehl’s family supported release of the killers, and her father shook the murderers’ hands, stating that the most important vehicle of reconciliation is open and honest dialogue -we are here to reconcile a human life which was taken without an opportunity for dialogue. When we are finished with this process we must move forward with linked arms. In 1994, Biehl’s parents, Linda and Peter, founded the  Amy Biehl Foundation Trust  to develop and empower youth in the townships, in order to discourage further violence. * http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=tKfKuiyqaiE – Siphiwo Mtimkulu. http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=tef2AwcIZsw – Father Michael Lapsley –gt; How successful was the TRC? ‘Is the question most often asked. Successful in terms of what? Nuremberg? Chile? Southern Africa? In terms of South African expectations? International expectations? Justice? Truth? Reconciliation? ’ -gt; Many people were against the concept of a mnesty; they wanted justice rather than the truth. Many people found it difficult to accept that men who were guilty of appalling crimes should be allowed to walk free, simply because of a public confession. Others were angered by the fact that many perpetrators who applied for amnesty did not express any remorse. -gt; Many South Africans were irritated that the TRC process was not bringing about change, justice or reparation. The key components of the legislation were concerned with (i) creating a forum for victims, (ii) establishing the truth, (iii) reparations, (iv) amnesty and (v) reconciliation. In its efforts to create a forum for victims the TRC succeeded most remarkably. The experiences of which the victims spoke have truly become part of the national psyche and are now imbedded in this country’s acknowledged history for the very first time . This alone justifies the existence of the TRC and nobody can ever undo that. It is difficult to judge how this outpouring [of testimonies] affected the South African public. -gt;‘For some black people it seems to have been cathartic to be able to tell their stories and to hear the confessions. For others, it has been infuriating to see the guilty get amnesty and walk free – although I would argue that the same of exposure had been a punishment in itself. Many whites accused the TRC of being a witch-hunt and of stirring up hatreds that they said would make reconciliation impossible. But a few, mainly white Afrikaners, there is a deep sense of guilt and soul searching, for theirs was the ruling group and these confessing monsters are their own people. ’ -gt; ‘They were not seeking forgiveness from us but from the government. ’ –gt; What did the people of South Africa feel? * Perpetrators left off to lightly. * Indifferent to victims needs – only received a 30% reparation package after waiting 5 years. Not even-handed – Too victim friendly , set out to ostracise and humiliate the so called perpetrators * Too even-handed * Not enough reconciliation – Disappointed not more victims and perpetrators actually reconciled –gt; Link between TRC and nation building? The new constitution supported the idea of national unity based on reconciliation and reconstruction of society. Many people th erefore believe that there was a strong link between the TRC and nation building. Retributive Justice| Restorative Justice| Crime is an act against the state, a violation of a law, an abstract idea| Crime is an act against another person and the community| The criminal justice system controls crime| Crime control lies primarily in the community| Offender accountability defined as taking punishment| Accountability defined as assuming responsibility and taking action to repair harm| Crime is an individual act with individual responsibility| Crime has both individual and social dimensions of responsibility| Punishment is effective: * Threats of punishment deter crime * Punishment changes behaviour| Punishment alone is not effective in changing behaviour and is disruptive to community harmony and good relationships| Victims are peripheral to the process| Victims are central to the process of resolving a crime. | The offender is defined by deficits| The offender is defined by capacity to make reparation| Focus on establishing blame or guilt; on the past (did he/she do it? )| Focus on the problem solving, on li abilities/obligations, on the future (what should be done? | Emphasis on adversarial relationship| Emphasis on dialogue and negotiation| Imposition of pain to punish and deter/prevent| Restitution as a means of restoring both parties; goal of reconciliation/restoration| Community on sideline, represented abstractly by state| Community as facilitator in restorative process| Response focused on offender’s past behaviour| Response focused on harmful consequences of offender’s behaviour; emphasis is on the future| Dependence upon proxy professionals| Direct involvement by participants| Amnesty – This is an official pardon which would be granted in respect to acts, omissions and offences with political objectives committed in the course of conflicts in the past Reparations – Making amends for doing wrong to victims or their families and dependants. This also sometimes (in the case of S. A) included giving monetary compensation to victims or their families. Ubuntu – directly defined means humanness. It means having the quality which separates men from animals – being compassionate and gentle and using ones strength on behalf of the weak in a community How to cite History Notes on Cuban Missile Crisis and Protest in America in the 1960’s, Papers

Negotiation beetween the National Football League and the National Football League Players Association

Introduction The National Football League (NFL) team owners and the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) started negotiation on sharing the revenues. In 2006, both parties agreed upon sharing formula. However, in 2008, the NFL owners decided to opt out of the agreement which expired in March of 2011.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Negotiation beetween the National Football League and the National Football League Players Association specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The following events showed the NFL owners failing to finalize the deal. Consequently, the NFLPA also failed to ratify the negotiation deal. It has raised a number of issues they consider both parties must finalize before they can reach the actual deal. This paper shall negotiate for the players through their association, NFLPA. There are some outstanding issues which both parties must resolve before they can announce the actual de al and enable the players resume training for the year-long league. The NFLPA wants the association reestablished as a union. In addition, as the only representative of the players in negotiations. Both the board and players have agreed on this issue. The NFLPA seeks an opportunity for its players to opt out the deal after the fifth year. The players want to retain the current compensation rule that allows them to file for claims. On the other hand, the NFL owners want certain restriction with regard to retired players’ claims. The NFLPA wants reimbursement of lost benefits the previous agreement did not require the NFL owners to pay. The NFLPA wants the compensation amounts for injury guarantees increased from what the NFL owners have offered. The owners have agreed to guarantee up to one million dollars for the first season and up to a half a million dollars if the injury persists into the next season. Definition of interests, resistance points, and alternatives The NFLPA has interests in the above issues. The NFLPA target points and positions rotate around what it hopes to achieve from the NFLPA owners. According to NFLPA, that is fair for the players to receive and finalize those issues and reach an agreement. This will help the NFL owners understand what the NFLPA wants. This is a relationship-based interest. It directly relates to both the current and future relationships between NFL players and NFL owners. At the same time, it also takes accounts of intangibles of negotiations both NFL owners and players wish to uphold. These include specific targets of compensations, positive thinking about the objectives, trade-offs and throwaways derived from the negotiation issues. These factors will guide both parties in achieving a settlement which is fair and agreeable to all. When a negotiation reaches a resistance point, both parties decide absolutely not to continue with the negotiation because of what each party offers is minimally acceptable (Lewick i, Barry and Saunders, 2010). NFLPA resistance points occur when NFL owners do not wish to increase the amount of injury guarantees, when players cannot opt out from the agreement after five years, and when the owners will not agree that NFLPA reestablish as a union.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are also alternatives that negotiating parties can achieve and still meet their needs. They will show whether the current outcome is better than another possibility. For instance, NFLPA can settle for compensation of lost benefits, increased compensation for injury guarantees, and seek a deal for players to opt out after five years. However, it can compromise its long-term objectives such as reestablishing the NFLPA as a union, and forgoing reimbursements in lost compensations. In this manner, they will walk away with better alternatives and plan to pursue the compromis ed issues later. Assessment of constituencies and the social context of negotiations NFLPA has players and the board to represent in this negotiation. These people will evaluate and critique the outcome achieved. Constituents like observers (a couple of players and football veterans) will determine participants of the negotiation, the mediator, and who can ratify the deal. This negotiation shall also occur under rules of labor laws, sports customs and norms, business practices, and of course, in a neutral venue. Definition of protocol for negotiation NFLPA must establish its negotiation agenda by prioritizing necessary issues first. In addition, it must also insist on a neutral venue where the negotiators will feel comfortable and relaxed and have access to all amenities. NFLPA must also set the time limit for its negotiation to enable players resume training at the facilities. Time must define all elements of negotiation. In case the negotiation fails, NFLPA has the option of walki ng out. Then it can reevaluate its issues and identify points of contention and try a neutral approach. At the same time, it can also seek the help of expert negotiators. NFLPA must also record every point of negotiation discussions. NFLPA must set parameters to know whether the agreement is good, negotiation has reached an end and any procedural difficulties. Then it can evaluate its issues and compare them with the outcomes, and what it can improve upon in subsequent negotiations.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Negotiation beetween the National Football League and the National Football League Players Association specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Methods of preventing potential negotiation impasses This negotiation is likely to result into impasses because of the monetary value involved. However, in order to avoid these impasses, NFLPA must prepare by deciding on important issues, define its goals, and thi nk how to work with the NFL owners. It must aim at building the relationship by knowing the NFL owners well, identify similarities and differences, and work towards achieving a mutually beneficial set of outcomes. NFLPA must also gather information regarding what it needs to know about the negotiation, NFL owners and their needs, feasibility f the possible deal, and any consequences in case failed negotiation. NFLPA must make its bid from make moves from its initial, ideal position (opening offers) to the actual outcome. At this stage, both NFLPA and NFL owners must state their issues and make moves towards a neutral middle ground. NFLPA must prepare to close the deal. The aim is to make a commitment to the agreement reached in the previous phase. Both parties must assure each other that they are happy with the outcomes, or to some extent accept them. NFLPA must prepare to implement the agreement. Both parties must fulfill the agreement reached. They must also be aware of flawed agr eement, missing key issues, changing situation, and arising new issues. Any flaws and new issues may force the parties to reopen negotiation, look for a negotiator, arbitrators, or to some extent the courts. Description of methods of managing potential impasses First, all parties must focus on what they share in common in fostering a climate of collaboration i.e. they must establish main goals. Focusing on shared goals improve relations among the parties in conflict, and sensitize the parties about the merits of resolving their differences in order to avoid jeopardizing their mutual goals. They must establish common goals to provide context for their discussions. This is particularly useful between NFLPA players and NFL owners.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Second, the parties must separate people from the problem. Once, the parties have established common interest among them, and the need to resolving negotiation issues, it is useful to focus their attention on the real issues at hand. This is solving a problem. NFL owners should not use avoidance as an approach to solving existing issues between them and NFLPA players. Biased negotiations are likely to result in mutual satisfaction if the parties remove people from their disagreement by suppressing their personal desires for revenge or one-upmanship. Parties must not look at each other as rival, but rather as the advocate of a point of view. For instance, NFLPA should focus on seeing unreasonable position rather than unreasonable person. Third, the parties must focus on interests, and not positions. Positions create demands or assertions, whereas interests constitute the reasons behind the demands. It is easy to create agreement on interests because interests are broad and multifacet ed. The parties must redefine and broaden the problem to make it tractable. Therefore, varieties of issues must be examined to enable parties understand each other’s point of view and put their own forward. For instance, NFLA owners may ask NFLPA players that, Help me understand why you advocate your position. Fourth, the parties must create options for mutual gains. Parties must generate unusual and creative solutions to the conflict. All parties must focus on brainstorming alternatives and mutually agreeable solutions. Consequently, parties change their positions from competitive to collaboration approach. Many alternatives create many positions of finding a common ground for all parties. For instance, the mediator may tell the parties â€Å"we understand each other’s underlying concerns and objectives, let us now brainstorm ways of satisfying all our needs†. Fifth, the parties must use objective criteria in evaluating alternatives. Even collaborative process has some elements of incompatible behavior and interests. Therefore, the parties should use this opportunity to determine what is fair for them. However, the parties must remain cautious on how they must judge fairness. For instance, NFLA players may shift their positions from getting what they want to making sense through fostering open, reasonable attitude. This approach encourages parties to drop their initial adamant positions. Parties must ask what is a fair way to evaluating the merits of the arguments. Sixth, parties must define success in terms of real gains, and not imagine their losses. For instance, NFL owners may accept three crucial demands of NFLPA players, and NFLPA players forgo the rest of the issues, or postpone to later negotiations. NFL owners’ first interpretation must focus on their gains rather than their losses. Satisfaction with an outcome varies depending on standards we set to judge them. Mediators must recognize that a collaborative approach facili tates resolution by evaluating the value of proposed solutions against reasonable standards. Therefore, the parties’ perspective must reflect an outcome that constitutes a meaningful improvement over the current situations. Conclusion According to Lewicki, Barry and Saunder, negotiation epitomizes lifelong learning. Best negotiators continue to learn from their past experiences. They recognize that every negotiation is different. Thus, they must continue to learn from their experiences (Saunders, Lewicki and Barry, 2010). Negotiators must remain sharp and stays focused, and continue to learn and practice the art of negotiation continuously. At the same time, best negotiators always take time to reflect the outcomes of negotiations to review what transpired and lesson learnt, and action points. This case must also apply to both NFLPA players and NFLPA owners. References Lewicki, R. J., Barry, B. and Saunders, D. M. (2010). Negotiation, 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Saunde rs, D. M., Lewicki, R. J. and Barry, B. (2010). Negotiation: Readings, exercises, and cases, 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 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