Negotiation beetween the National Football League and the National Football League Players Association

Introduction The National Football League (NFL) team owners and the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) started negotiation on sharing the revenues. In 2006, both parties agreed upon sharing formula. However, in 2008, the NFL owners decided to opt out of the agreement which expired in March of 2011.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Negotiation beetween the National Football League and the National Football League Players Association specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The following events showed the NFL owners failing to finalize the deal. Consequently, the NFLPA also failed to ratify the negotiation deal. It has raised a number of issues they consider both parties must finalize before they can reach the actual deal. This paper shall negotiate for the players through their association, NFLPA. There are some outstanding issues which both parties must resolve before they can announce the actual de al and enable the players resume training for the year-long league. The NFLPA wants the association reestablished as a union. In addition, as the only representative of the players in negotiations. Both the board and players have agreed on this issue. The NFLPA seeks an opportunity for its players to opt out the deal after the fifth year. The players want to retain the current compensation rule that allows them to file for claims. On the other hand, the NFL owners want certain restriction with regard to retired players’ claims. The NFLPA wants reimbursement of lost benefits the previous agreement did not require the NFL owners to pay. The NFLPA wants the compensation amounts for injury guarantees increased from what the NFL owners have offered. The owners have agreed to guarantee up to one million dollars for the first season and up to a half a million dollars if the injury persists into the next season. Definition of interests, resistance points, and alternatives The NFLPA has interests in the above issues. The NFLPA target points and positions rotate around what it hopes to achieve from the NFLPA owners. According to NFLPA, that is fair for the players to receive and finalize those issues and reach an agreement. This will help the NFL owners understand what the NFLPA wants. This is a relationship-based interest. It directly relates to both the current and future relationships between NFL players and NFL owners. At the same time, it also takes accounts of intangibles of negotiations both NFL owners and players wish to uphold. These include specific targets of compensations, positive thinking about the objectives, trade-offs and throwaways derived from the negotiation issues. These factors will guide both parties in achieving a settlement which is fair and agreeable to all. When a negotiation reaches a resistance point, both parties decide absolutely not to continue with the negotiation because of what each party offers is minimally acceptable (Lewick i, Barry and Saunders, 2010). NFLPA resistance points occur when NFL owners do not wish to increase the amount of injury guarantees, when players cannot opt out from the agreement after five years, and when the owners will not agree that NFLPA reestablish as a union.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are also alternatives that negotiating parties can achieve and still meet their needs. They will show whether the current outcome is better than another possibility. For instance, NFLPA can settle for compensation of lost benefits, increased compensation for injury guarantees, and seek a deal for players to opt out after five years. However, it can compromise its long-term objectives such as reestablishing the NFLPA as a union, and forgoing reimbursements in lost compensations. In this manner, they will walk away with better alternatives and plan to pursue the compromis ed issues later. Assessment of constituencies and the social context of negotiations NFLPA has players and the board to represent in this negotiation. These people will evaluate and critique the outcome achieved. Constituents like observers (a couple of players and football veterans) will determine participants of the negotiation, the mediator, and who can ratify the deal. This negotiation shall also occur under rules of labor laws, sports customs and norms, business practices, and of course, in a neutral venue. Definition of protocol for negotiation NFLPA must establish its negotiation agenda by prioritizing necessary issues first. In addition, it must also insist on a neutral venue where the negotiators will feel comfortable and relaxed and have access to all amenities. NFLPA must also set the time limit for its negotiation to enable players resume training at the facilities. Time must define all elements of negotiation. In case the negotiation fails, NFLPA has the option of walki ng out. Then it can reevaluate its issues and identify points of contention and try a neutral approach. At the same time, it can also seek the help of expert negotiators. NFLPA must also record every point of negotiation discussions. NFLPA must set parameters to know whether the agreement is good, negotiation has reached an end and any procedural difficulties. Then it can evaluate its issues and compare them with the outcomes, and what it can improve upon in subsequent negotiations.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Negotiation beetween the National Football League and the National Football League Players Association specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Methods of preventing potential negotiation impasses This negotiation is likely to result into impasses because of the monetary value involved. However, in order to avoid these impasses, NFLPA must prepare by deciding on important issues, define its goals, and thi nk how to work with the NFL owners. It must aim at building the relationship by knowing the NFL owners well, identify similarities and differences, and work towards achieving a mutually beneficial set of outcomes. NFLPA must also gather information regarding what it needs to know about the negotiation, NFL owners and their needs, feasibility f the possible deal, and any consequences in case failed negotiation. NFLPA must make its bid from make moves from its initial, ideal position (opening offers) to the actual outcome. At this stage, both NFLPA and NFL owners must state their issues and make moves towards a neutral middle ground. NFLPA must prepare to close the deal. The aim is to make a commitment to the agreement reached in the previous phase. Both parties must assure each other that they are happy with the outcomes, or to some extent accept them. NFLPA must prepare to implement the agreement. Both parties must fulfill the agreement reached. They must also be aware of flawed agr eement, missing key issues, changing situation, and arising new issues. Any flaws and new issues may force the parties to reopen negotiation, look for a negotiator, arbitrators, or to some extent the courts. Description of methods of managing potential impasses First, all parties must focus on what they share in common in fostering a climate of collaboration i.e. they must establish main goals. Focusing on shared goals improve relations among the parties in conflict, and sensitize the parties about the merits of resolving their differences in order to avoid jeopardizing their mutual goals. They must establish common goals to provide context for their discussions. This is particularly useful between NFLPA players and NFL owners.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Second, the parties must separate people from the problem. Once, the parties have established common interest among them, and the need to resolving negotiation issues, it is useful to focus their attention on the real issues at hand. This is solving a problem. NFL owners should not use avoidance as an approach to solving existing issues between them and NFLPA players. Biased negotiations are likely to result in mutual satisfaction if the parties remove people from their disagreement by suppressing their personal desires for revenge or one-upmanship. Parties must not look at each other as rival, but rather as the advocate of a point of view. For instance, NFLPA should focus on seeing unreasonable position rather than unreasonable person. Third, the parties must focus on interests, and not positions. Positions create demands or assertions, whereas interests constitute the reasons behind the demands. It is easy to create agreement on interests because interests are broad and multifacet ed. The parties must redefine and broaden the problem to make it tractable. Therefore, varieties of issues must be examined to enable parties understand each other’s point of view and put their own forward. For instance, NFLA owners may ask NFLPA players that, Help me understand why you advocate your position. Fourth, the parties must create options for mutual gains. Parties must generate unusual and creative solutions to the conflict. All parties must focus on brainstorming alternatives and mutually agreeable solutions. Consequently, parties change their positions from competitive to collaboration approach. Many alternatives create many positions of finding a common ground for all parties. For instance, the mediator may tell the parties â€Å"we understand each other’s underlying concerns and objectives, let us now brainstorm ways of satisfying all our needs†. Fifth, the parties must use objective criteria in evaluating alternatives. Even collaborative process has some elements of incompatible behavior and interests. Therefore, the parties should use this opportunity to determine what is fair for them. However, the parties must remain cautious on how they must judge fairness. For instance, NFLA players may shift their positions from getting what they want to making sense through fostering open, reasonable attitude. This approach encourages parties to drop their initial adamant positions. Parties must ask what is a fair way to evaluating the merits of the arguments. Sixth, parties must define success in terms of real gains, and not imagine their losses. For instance, NFL owners may accept three crucial demands of NFLPA players, and NFLPA players forgo the rest of the issues, or postpone to later negotiations. NFL owners’ first interpretation must focus on their gains rather than their losses. Satisfaction with an outcome varies depending on standards we set to judge them. Mediators must recognize that a collaborative approach facili tates resolution by evaluating the value of proposed solutions against reasonable standards. Therefore, the parties’ perspective must reflect an outcome that constitutes a meaningful improvement over the current situations. Conclusion According to Lewicki, Barry and Saunder, negotiation epitomizes lifelong learning. Best negotiators continue to learn from their past experiences. They recognize that every negotiation is different. Thus, they must continue to learn from their experiences (Saunders, Lewicki and Barry, 2010). Negotiators must remain sharp and stays focused, and continue to learn and practice the art of negotiation continuously. At the same time, best negotiators always take time to reflect the outcomes of negotiations to review what transpired and lesson learnt, and action points. This case must also apply to both NFLPA players and NFLPA owners. References Lewicki, R. J., Barry, B. and Saunders, D. M. (2010). Negotiation, 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Saunde rs, D. M., Lewicki, R. J. and Barry, B. (2010). Negotiation: Readings, exercises, and cases, 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 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Essay on Group Culture

Essay on Group Culture Essay on Group Culture Ashley Newton CS 204: Professional Presence Unit 7 Assignment October 13, 2014 Group Culture The Pennsylvania Institute of Certified Public Accountants (PICPA), is the second oldest and fifth-largest CPA organization in the United States. Affiliation with the PICPA represents commitment to the CPA profession. Being a member of the PICPA insures professional and personal support. The organization helps to refine your skills, expand knowledge, connect with like-minded individuals, and achieve bigger and better things at every stage of your professional life. PICPA members gain access to the most up-to-date courses and technical resources, discounts on resources, opportunities to connect with thousands of other professionals, and more to advance their careers and enhance the quality of service to their companies and clients. With over 22,000 members, the PICPA is one of Pennsylvania’s premier professional organizations for CPAs. The PICPA experience has been described as empowering, invigorating, fun, and valuable. Members of the PICPA include individuals in public accounting, industry, government, and education. They are partners, presidents, CEOs, executives, managers, and business professionals. The organizational structure of the PICPA is composed of a council, foundation of education and research, committees, chapters, and PICPA staff. Membership of the PICPA is composed of eleven geographical chapters across the state, each led by a chapter president and slate of officers. Ethics is at the core of the CPA profession and is one of the reasons CPAs are regarded among the most trusted business professionals. As a required component of the CPA continuing professional education regime in Pennsylvania, but also because CPAs have a strict code of professional ethics and conduct. Issues regarding ethics are often routinely in the news. CPAs are often a part of these discussions. Affiliation with the PICPA represents adherence to the Code of Professional Conduct. The PICPA follows the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) Code of Professional Conduct. These consist of the principles and rules as well as interpretations and other guidance. A PICPA Professional Ethics Committee is responsible for investigating complaints against members and maintain the PICPA Code of Professional Conduct. As part of the PICPA membership, they offer help and resources for future CPAs. Upon graduation, candidates must meet two requirements to sit for the CPA Exam: receive a bachelor’s degree or higher from an accredited college or university and completed at least 24 semester credits in accounting subjects sanctioned by the State Board of Accountancy. A pre-evaluation will identify academic deficiencies in your education prior to submitting a first time application for the CPA Examination. For information on the exam content, the AICPA has a downloadable document available. Candidates who have graduated with 150 credits are required to complete one year of work experience through employment in government, industry, academia, or public practice within five years of the date you apply for your license. All experience must be of a caliber satisfactory to the State Board of Accountancy and verified by an individual who is currently licensed to practice as a CPA in Pennsylvania. As part of the PICPA website, a PICPA Career Center page was established. This link contains employment listings, business opportunities, and an internship directory. Members have exclusive access to certain sections and can post open positions at a special rate. Non-members may post ads without a discount. A career bank link is also available to search for accounting jobs outside of Pennsylvania. The PICPA Foundation for Education and Research provides a broad spectrum of high-quality programs chosen to enhance professional competence and address timely topics. Onsite training opportunities are available to any member. They offer convenience and

Frances Dana Gage - Feminist and Abolitionist Lecturer

Frances Dana Gage - Feminist and Abolitionist Lecturer Known for: lecturer and writer for women’s rights, abolition, rights and welfare of former slaves Dates: October 12, 1808 – November 10, 1884 Frances Dana Gage Biography Frances Gage grew up in an Ohio farm family. Her father had been one of the original settlers of Marietta, Ohio. Her mother was from a Massachusetts family, and her mother had also moved nearby.   Frances, her mother and maternal grandmother all actively helped escaping slaves. Frances in her later years wrote of going in a canoe with food for those in hiding.   She also developed an impatience and longing for women’s equal treatment in her childhood. In 1929, at twenty, she married James Gage, and they raised 8 children.   James Gage, a Universalist in religion and abolitionist as well, supported Frances in her many ventures during their marriage. Frances read while at home raising the children, educating herself far beyond the rudimentary education she’d had at home, and began to write as well.   She developed strong interest in three issues which attracted many of the women reformers of her day: women’s rights, temperance, and abolition.   She wrote letters about these issues to newspapers. She also began to write poetry and submit it for publication. By the time she was in her early 40s, she was writing for the Ladies’ Repository. She began a column in the Ladies Department of a farm newspaper, in the form of letters from â€Å"Aunt Fanny† on many topics, both practical and public. Womens Rights By 1849, she was lecturing on women’s rights, abolition, and temperance. In 1850, when the first Ohio women’s rights convention was held, she wanted to attend, but could only send a letter of support. In May 1850, she began a petition to the Ohio legislature advocating that the new state constitution omit the words male and white. When the second Ohio women’s rights convention was held in Akron in 1851, Gage was asked to be the presider. When a minister denounced women’s rights, and Sojourner Truth got up to respond, Gage ignored the protests from the audience and allowed Truth to speak.   She later (in 1881) recorded her memory of the speech, usually remembered with the title â€Å"Ain’t I a Woman?† in a dialect form. Gage was asked to speak more and more often for women’s rights. She presided at the 1853 national women’s rights convention when it was held in Cleveland, Ohio. Missouri From 1853 to 1860, the Gage family lived in St. Louis, Missouri.   There, Frances Dana Gage didn’t find a warm reception from the newspapers for her letters.   She instead wrote for national women’s rights publications, including Amelia Bloomer’s Lily. She corresponded with other women in America interested in the same issues she was attracted to, and even corresponded with the English feminist Harriet Martineau. She was supported not only by women in the woman suffrage movement, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, Antoinette Brown Blackwell, and Amelia Bloomer, but also by abolitionist male leaders including William Lloyd Garrison, Horace Greeley, and Frederick Douglass. She later wrote, From 1849 to 1855 I lectured on [woman’s rights] in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and New York†¦.† The family found themselves ostracized in St. Louis for their radical views. After three fires, and James Gage’s failing health and failing business venture, the family returned to Ohio. Civil War The Gages moved to Columbus, Ohio, in 1850, and Frances Dana Gage became the associate editor of an Ohio newspaper and a farm journal. Her husband was now ill, so she traveled only in Ohio, speaking on women’s rights. When the Civil War began, the newspaper’s circulation dropped, and the newspaper died. Frances Dana Gage focused on volunteer work to support the Union effort. Her four sons served in the Union forces.   Frances and her daughter Mary sailed in 1862 for the Sea Islands, captured territory held by the Union. She was put in charge of relief efforts on Parris Island where 500 formerly enslaved people lived.   The next year, she briefly returned to Columbus to care for her husband, then returned to her work in the Sea Islands. In late 1863 Frances Dana Gage began a lecture tour to support relief efforts for soldiers’ aid and for relief for those newly freed.   She worked without salary for the Western Sanitary Commission. She had to end her tour in September of 1864 when she was injured in a carriage accident on her tour, and was disabled for a year. Later Life After she recovered, Gage returned to lecturing. In 1866 she appeared at the New York chapter of the Equal Rights Association, advocating rights for both women and for African American women and men. As â€Å"Aunt Fanny† she published stories for children. She published a book of poetry and several novels, before being limited from lecturing by a stroke. She continued to write until her death in 1884 in Greenwich, Connecticut. Also known as: Fanny Gage, Frances Dana Barker Gage, Aunt Fanny Family: Parents: Joseph Barker and Elizabeth Dana Barker, farmers in Ohio Husband: James L. Gage, lawyer Children: four sons and four daughters

Fashion journalism and Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Fashion journalism and Internet - Essay Example It is not clear when this great disparity in the presentation of media began, but it is evident that there has been a great change in the presentation of fashion journalism by the media (Hall-Duncan 1979 pp.23). Among the contrivances that led to the development of fashion journalism before the introduction of internet include use of print media like magazines, televisions that aroused the curiosity of many people towards journalism. Breward (2003 pp.18) indicates that with the invention of internet, the mass had already devised an idea about fashion and its benefits. It is as a result of internet that people who had already invested or rather had an interest in the field of fashion journalism ended up presenting their ideas in a better and easier way. These personalities not only ventured in their localities but in a global context. The advent of the internet, however, seemed unwelcome by many individuals, not aware of the fact that it was bound to benefit various aspects of the eco nomy, fashion journalism being one of them. ... Deuze (2007 pp.19) on the other hand indicates that the numbers of people who purchase fashion magazines as a source of information related to culture have resulted into a shift in the use of internet as a source of information. Magazines and articles related to fashion have recorded a tremendous decrease in sales per annum, due to the fact that a majority of the people prefers the use of the internet. Majority of the households in the UK have access to the internet and find it cheaper to use the internet to update themselves on fashion unlike the print media, which majority of the people toady refer to it as stressful ‘paper work’. Freedman (2006 pp.61) traces the advent of the internet on the promotion of fashion journalism in the early twentieth century. Majority of the journalists had an easier time covering stories on fashion with the use of the internet unlike in the era of ‘darkness’ (Fuery 2009 pp.56). This essay will endeavor to highlight and critic ally analyze the impacts of the advent and use of the internet in fashion journalism according to the views of various analysts that have contributed to this topic. The essay will also attempt to highlight specific examples of the use of the internet in various circumstances to improve on fashion journalism. 1.1. Body 1.1.1. Access to material The internet has influenced fashion journalism in various ways. Thanks to the internet, many journalists in the field of journalism are in a good position to view as many images as they can form the internet. This is unlike before when the journalists only relied on information that was presented by specific print media. In short, the journalists were not presented with a

Why Were Women In Ireland Excluded From The Public Exercise Of Power Essay

Why Were Women In Ireland Excluded From The Public Exercise Of Power Over Men - Essay Example One reason is that Irish historiography has been little affected with recent methodological developments in intellectual history. During the last two decades, however, there has been a move away from regarding political texts as embodiments of eternal truths to a more contextual approach: one in which political theory is regarded not as the rarefied speculation of isolated individuals, but as a social activity conducted by numerous people using a variety of linguistic conventions. In Ireland political though is to be found in myth, law, literature, theology, folk fore, in ballads, newspapers, parliamentary debates, pamphlets and sermons, as well as in the conventional texts. Furthermore, Irelands’ political thinkers have displayed great heterogeneity, encompassing, for example, seventeenth- century bishops and poets; professors and conspirators in eighteenth century; improving land lords, urban artisans, journalists in the last century and politicians and literati in this. Yet Irish historiography has largely remained unaware of the rich pickings offered by a contextual approach to political ideas. Instead, emphasis is still placed upon men or women of action. Throughout the troubled history of Ireland, women have been no less concerned than men when it came to coping with the difficulties and confused loyalties of Ireland. The role they played, however, have been misconceived and underestimated in past histories of the island.

Conformity and Rebellion in Antigone Essay -- conflict, change, mistake

Would you rather not have conflicts in your life? Antigone is a play, based upon conflicts between the characters. Antigone is the sister of Polynices, who is dead. Polynices is considered a traitor to Creon and he doesn’t bury those who are against him. As conflicts occur, Antigone, Creon, and the Chorus argue on whether to have Polynices buried or not. Conflicts are a necessary part of life because of the changes that we run in to. It is appropriate to rebel and create conflict when we believe in doing the right thing to do, but someone is taking the necessary tool away from us so we can’t accomplish those goals. Also, it is appropriate to conform when violence gets out of hand. The changes that happen make us, the readers better individuals and once we have the conflicts solved, we won’t repeat the same mistakes and then conformity is possible. It is appropriate to rebel and create conflict when you believe in doing the right thing, but somebody takes away from you the necessary tool from doing so. The main conflict in the play between Antigone and Creon is the best example for this argument. Antigone believes that everybody deserves a proper burial. In her opinion, even if somebody is a traitor or dislikes Creon’s views, he or she deserves a proper burial. In this case, Creon decides that Polynices doesn’t deserve a proper burial because Polynices is a traitor to him. Antigone now wants to bury Polynices and doesn’t care about Creon’s edict. However, Ismene warns Antigone,† But think of the dange! Think what Creon will do!† (469). Ismene is telling Antigone that she is scared of burying Polynices behind Creon’s back, because if they get caught they will be punished greatly. Ismene and everybody else in Thebes are scared of Cr... ...d how we can be better individuals from the original conflict. Choragos Is telling us if we want to be happy, we have to be intelligent. In Antigone, it is appropriate to conform when violence gets out of hand. This happens when all of Creon’s love ones die because of how his stubbornness and pride. However, it is appropriate to rebel when we believe in doing the right thing to do, but someone is taking the necessary tool away from us so we can’t accomplish those goals. This happens in the play when Antigone wants to bury Polynices, but Creon is too powerful and causes fear upon all of the people of Thebes. We can learn from this play that conflict is necessary in our lives, because without it we can’t learn. Works Cited Sophocles. Antigone. Abcarian, Klotz, and Cohen, eds. Literature: The Human Experience. 11th ed. Boston: Bedford. 2013. Print.

Big Bad Burger

The Brain Behind the Big, Bad Burger Section 1: Analysis Most Americans will consume any food regardless of the calories, nutritional value and health related consequences. The Brain behind the Big, Bad Burger article mentions the importance of using a Business Intelligence System (BIS) which â€Å"provides them with insights, not just mountains of data† (Levison, 2005). Business Intelligence gets its strength from being able to pull data from disparate sources store it for use in a loosely coupled way, and then pull it out in an accurate and meaningful way.Organizations can pull data from customer surveys and sales reports; however, this information is useless without a framework. Jeff Chasney, CKE’S CIO clarified this point further by stating â€Å"There's nothing worse, in my opinion, than a business intelligence system that reports changes on a weekly basis, he says, because those systems don't provide any context as to what factors are influencing those changes.Wi thout that context, you don't know whether the data is good or bad; it's just useless† (Levison, 2005). BIS gathers information from various data points in the company to create multifaceted contextual statistics for better decision making. For example, BIS helped CKE determine if the Thickburger was actually contributing to increases in sales at restaurants or if it was just cannibalizing sales of other, lesser burgers. CKE Thickburger in fact did increase their sales â€Å"it was selling like gangbusters†.The success was measured through a variety of data points including cost of production, average unit volume compared with other burgers, total sales for each of the test stores, and the contribution of that menu item to total sales (Levinson, 2005). The Monster Thickburger exceeded expectations in test market, and this is why CKE decided to roll it out nationwide. Section 2: Summary of Discussion Questions 1. BIS add values to CKP by focusing on the company's most im portant performance indicators which included sales and cost of sale, historical and forward-looking business trends.BIS uses econometric models to provide context which explains performance. By having this information the company is more agile and responsive to improve making decisions and finding problems areas to correct and take new directions in the rapidly changing fast-food industry environments. 2. Some tips for using BIS is for strategic decisions such as what new products to add to menus, which dishes to remove and which underperforming stores should be closed. BIS can be used for tactical matters like renegotiating contracts with food suppliers and identifying opportunities to improve inefficient processes.BIS can also help improve the infrastructure of the supply chain. BIS is an analytical tool that helps executives make better decisions. It is important that we pay attention to data quality and integrity to make sure that we are not basing our judgment on erroneous dat a. I will also suggest devising key performance metrics (KPI’s) that are most relevant to the business to examine the deviations that are causing losses to the operations and locate opportunities areas to grow and take advantage of. One last tip which is very important is to take into account users’ feelings, and address their concerns up front.The success of the BI systems is user acceptance and without user acceptance, companies will waste time and money establishing a Business Intelligence System. 3. The Monster Thickburger was a good idea because it increased sales at restaurants and it narrowed its overall losses and even turned a profit in 2003. As long as you have an idea of what information you are looking for a system can be implemented in order to find that information and make sense of it. References Levinson, Meredith. (2005). The Brain Behind the Big, Bad Burger and Other Tales of Business Intelligence. CIO Magazine.